Kami-Nidan/Upper Bigrade conjugation -contain the rest of almost all modern-day Ichidan (-iru) verbs, forms share two vowel-final sounds, -u and -i (center and one above center) Kami-ichidan/Upper Monograde conjugation -contains only 10 base verbs which are all modern Ichidan (-iru) verbs, forms share only an i-final mora which does not vary Yodan/Tetragrade conjugation -modern Godan/Pentagrade verbs, inflections share 4 common vowel shifts To review the main characteristics of the conjugations, here is a summary list: I’ve also added the modern conjugations for comparisons sake. Inflectional endings with no denotation mark that all verbs of that conjugation share a final consonant that varies in vowel sound (like ら and り where all verbs end in -r*). Inflections denoted with a “Ø” mark stems that instead of shifting sounds, drop the final kana from the shuushikei (like 見る becoming 見). Inflectional endings denoted with a “-” mark changes in vowel sound but not initial consonant sound (like か and く where verbs have various final consonant sounds). I’ve compiled a comprehensive chart of all the classical Japanese verb conjugations in order to demonstrate the similarities and differences between them. *Notice that if this were honorific, the 係助詞 「ぞ」would call for the yodan version 「給ふ」 instead. In a less commonly seen usage, the shimo-nidan version of 給ふ is attached to the ren’youkei of verbs to designate the humble register.Įx) 我が子ぞ 往に給ふる。(お去りするのは私の子だ。)(The one who will leave (hum) is my child.) That is, it is the honorific version of the verb “to give.”Įx) 天皇(すめらぎ)が侍ふ者どもに衣を給ふ。(天皇がお仕えする人々に衣を下さる。)(The emperor will give (hon) clothes to all those who serve (hum) him.) It’s this use that is sometimes coupled with the honorific use of ~(さ)すto make the hyper-honorific.Įx) 若君はいとあはれなる歌を詠み給ひたり。(若い王子様は大変に素晴らしい歌をお詠みになった。)(The young price has composed a splendid poem. The yodan version of 給ふ after a verb makes a verb honorific. We’ll go over its three uses here, but first, here are its alternate conjugations. It exists in two versions, that of a yodan verb and that of a shimo-nidan verb. The verb 給ふ・たまふ attaches to the ren’youkei of verbs and auxiliary verbs. Any honorific will suffice for translation.Įx) 主人明朝帰らる。(主人は明朝帰られる。)(The master will return home tomorrow morning.) It does not need an accompanying honorific verb. ~(ら)る can be used alone to designate the honorific register. Though modern Japanese lacks a separate mood to convey this meaning, we can translate it as 自然に・つい。。。てしまう 。This use also does not occur in the meireikei.Įx) 我が息子思へば泣かる。(私の息子を思うと、つい泣いてしまう。)(Whenever I think of my son, I can’t help but cry.) This use is used to reflect actions which take place without the speakers conscious intention. The classical verb 有り・あり can occur in this form with a modern equivalent of いることができない or いられない or other semantic equivalents. In later periods, it came to be used in the affirmative as well. In the Heian Era, the potential use of ~(ら)る was generally used in negative constructions or in rhetorical questions where the true meaning was negative. The same normal/adversative passive meanings of the modern passive apply.Įx) 猫犬に追はる。(猫は犬に追われる。)(The cat is chased by the dog.) The subject of a passive sentence in ~(ら)る is almost always animate. This use doesn’t see extensive use in classical Japanese, but it does exist. Because る and ~らる conjugate in the same manner, I’ve treated them as a single auxiliary verb. The expected form of sa-hen verbs, せらる, is generally contracted to さる. ~る is added to yodan, na-hen, and ra-hen verbs, while ~らる is added to all other conjugations. The auxiliary verb (助動詞)~(ら)る is added to the mizenkei of verbs, adjectives, pseudo-adjectives, and some auxiliary verbs.
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